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被动语态的详细讲解

被动语态：

1：英语中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。

语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。

例如：We clean the room every day.

如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。

例如：The room is cleaned every day.

被动语态由“助动词be+急务动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、数和事态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。

2：被动语态的各种形式

1) am/is/are+done

eg1：I'm asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world.

eg2：Football is not played all over the world.

eg3: Is football played all over the world?

这些玩具是中国制造的。

这个小偷是在那家超级市场被抓住的。

2）has/have been done

eg1：This book has been translated(翻译) into many foreign languages.

eg2：This book has not been translated into many foreign languages.

eg3: Has this book been translated into many foreign languages?

那两把伞已经送给了我父母。

今天这首歌已经被唱了几次了？

3）am/is/are being done

eg1：A road is being built around the mountain.

eg2：A road is not being built around the mountain.

eg3: Is a road being built around the mountain?

我们不能搬进新房间因为它正在油漆。

4） was/were done

eg1：This house was built in 1958.

eg2：This house was not built in 1958.

eg3: Was this house built in 1958?

昨天上午这条裙子被卖走了。

我的书在哪里？刚才它被放在桌子上得。

5) was/were being done

eg1：Meeting was being held when I was there.

eg2：Meeting was not being held when I was there.

eg3: Was meeting being held when you were there?

6) shall/will be done

eg1：He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.

eg2：He will not be taken to hospital tomorrow.

eg3: Will he be taken to hospital tomorrow?

动物园的动物马上要喂养了。

3：练习

1). Put the following sentences into the passive voice(by phrase may be omitted)

1. People speak English in many countries.

2. We built this bridge last year.

3. The tiger in the zoo frightened the little girl.

4. Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.

5. You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.

6. We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.

7. Has anybody fed the birds?

8. People will never forget the accident.

9. You may write this letter in pencil.

10.They are repairing the car in the garage.

11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.

12.They have found ways to make waste water clean.

13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.

14.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.

15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.

16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.

17.They made(选举) the young man head of the volleyball team.

18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination(考试).

19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.

20.Someone has taken the stranger(陌生人) to another hospital.

21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.

22.People will laugh at(嘲笑) you if you wear that dress.

23.I have told him that he didn't finish his homework yesterday..

24.We must finish the work by six o'clock this afternoon.

25.Do you often clean your room?

26.They are making this type of radios in shanghai.

27.Could you carry out(执行) the plan on time?

28.We must pay attention to(注意) such problems.

29.Someone is showing them how to operate(操作) the computers.

30.You should put forward(提出) the questions at the meeting.

31.He is sure to finish the job by then.

32.She is going to play the match today.

33.People are talking about the things all over the town.

34.We saw a bus running towards us at that time

35.They made her leader(领袖) of the group.

36.They had to put off(推迟) the sports meet because of the rain.

37.We don't have to write it in such a hurry.

2). Make the best choice:

38.Our house_____,

A. is getting paint B. is getting painted C. is got painted D. has got to paint

39.He arrived in Beijing, and he _____his friend there..

A. was met by B. was met C. was meeting D. met by

40.The mistakes(错误) in the exercises will _____the teacher.

A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by

41.My brother and I have __________her birthday party.

A. been invited B. been invited for C. invited to D. been invited to

42.It_______this way

A. is had to do B. is had to be done C. had to be done D. has to do

43. _____Chaplin.

A. The child's name was called B. The child's name calls

C. The child calls D. The child is named

44.The sports meeting____.

A. is put off B. is to put off C. is to be put off D. puts off

45.The story ______in China.

A. was taken place B. has been taken place

C. took place D. was happened

46.Great changes _____in our province(省). Many tall buildings.

A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up

C. have been taken place, have been set up D. were taken place, were set up

47. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________.

A. have now been rebuilding B. are now rebuilding

C. are now being rebuilt D. are rebuilt now

48. The flowers should ____ every morning.

A. water B. watered C. be watering D. be watered

49. Do you know what ____ in a hundred years?

A. happens B. is happened C. will happen D. will be happened

50. Where ___ the machines ___?

A. is; made B. are; made C. have; made D. do; make

51. The bridge ___ in three weeks.

A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. is being built

52. This kind of machine _____ well.

A. is sold B. sell C. sells D. are sold

53. Mrs. Green____ to work last week.

A. has been B. has gone C. went.

54. The maths problems are too hard _____

A. be done B. to do them C. to work out D. be worked out

55. The children ____ games under the tree.

A. were seen play B. saw playing C. were seen playing D. were seen to play

56. Many of the stars cannot ___ because they are too far away ____ us.

A. see, to B. be seen, from C. seen, for D. being seen, for

57. Where ___ your keys ____?

A. did find B. were founded C. were founded D. did founded

58. The umbrellas have _____ because of the heavy rain these days.

A. sold out B. sold over C. been sold off D. been sold out

59. They told us that the car _____ at that moment.

A. was repairing B. was being repaired C. being repaired D. was to repairing

60. Some advice _____ the pupils by the professor.

A. was given B. was gave to C. was being given D. was given to

被动语态二焦点

一、带双宾语的两种被动语态形式

1）用直接宾语作主语时在间接宾语前加介词“to”：

1．I'll give her a present for her birthday．（直接宾语）(give sth to **)

A present will be given to her for her birthday by me．

2．She told me the news．（直接宾语）(tell sth to **)

The news was told to me by her．

2）另一种一般用直接宾语作被动语态的主语，且须在间接宾语前加上介词“for”：

1．I've bought my little sister a sweater．（直接宾语）(buy sth for **)

A sweater has been bought for my little sister by me．

2．Mother cooks some delicious food for me．（直接宾语）(cook sth for **)

Some delicious food is cooked for me by Mother．

类似的动词有：read，draw，make，get等。

有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通，或不习惯，也须转用直接宾语作主语。如：

My girl friend writes me a letter every week．

I am written a letter by my girl friend every week．（错句）

A letter is written to me by my girl friend every week．

类似的动词有：return，send，pass，hand，sell，teach等。

二、许多不及物动词加上介词或副词而变为及物短语动词，这时同样可以有被动语态。但应注意短语的整体性，在变为被动语态时不应丢掉后边的介词或副词。

1�动词＋介词

a．The doctor has already been sent for．

b．The news has never been heard of before．

类似的短语动词有：call on，look after，talk about，look at，ask for，wait for．．．

2．动词＋副词

a．A new play will be put on(上演) next week．

b．The problem has been worked out．

类似的短语动词有：put off(推迟)，think over，take off(脱、取消)，look up(查询)，sell out，use up(用光)．．．

3．动词＋副词＋介词

a．The poor were looked down upon before liberation．解放前穷人被人瞧不起。

b．He was looked up to by everyone．他被人们所敬仰。

类似的短语动词有：get out of，look out of，get on with，get along with(与。。。相处)，catch up with(赶上)，keep up with(跟上)．．．

4．动词＋名词＋介词

a．Lin Fen can take good care of your children．

1）Your children can be taken good care of by Lin Feng．

2）Good care can be taken of your children by Lin Feng．

b．They never paid attention to(注意、关注) the matter．

1）The matter was never paid attention to．

2）Attention was never paid to the matter．

类似的短语动词有：make fun of，make use of，make friends with，take part in(参加)．．．

将下列句子改成被动语态

1. Lin Fen gives her little brother some orange juice.

2. He always asks the teachers some strange questions.

3. She has told the police what had happened.

4. What did your father buy for you?

5. The students are making that sick boy some paper cranes.

6. That artist drew the King a horse.

7. A postman sent you this letter just now.

8. I will get you this necklace as your birthday present.

9. They returned their teacher that book yesterday evening.

10. This term Mr Li is going to teach us physics.

11. Now some students are looking after that old lady.

12. Last week he called on his uncle.

13. As it is raining heavily, we have to out off the football match.

14. They have taken off the 5 a.m. train.

15. You can look up these words in your dictionary.

16. They have used up all their money.

17. Everyone in the class got on well with the twins.

18. The policeman soon caught up with the thief.

19. Now we can make use of the money we have.

20. He sometimes made fun of his clas**ates.

21. The teacher divided(分开) the class into four groups.

初中被动语态讲解

TENSE主动语态被动语态

一般现在时 be\V\Vs am\is\are+Vpp

一般将来时 will+V will be+Vpp

现在进行时 am\is\are+Ving am\is\are+being+Vpp

一般过去时①was\were②Ved was\were+Vpp

一般完成时 have\has+Vpp have\has+been+Vpp

过去完成时 had+Vpp had+been+Vpp

过去进行时 was\were+Ving was\were+being+Vpp

情态动词 can+V can+be+V

被动语态（一般现在时）

主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。

被动语态的口诀：

一般现、过用be+V.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。

完成时态have(has) done，被动将been加中间。

一般将来shall(will) do，被动变do为be done。

将来进行无被动，shall(will) be doing,

现在完成进行同，have(has) been doing。

现、过进行be doing,被动be加being done。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。

否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。

主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。

一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。

复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。

1.一般现在时 is\am\are+P.P(过去分词)

2.一般过去时 was\were+P.P

3.一般将来时 will be+P.P

4.现在进行时 is\am\are+being(固定不变)+P.P

5.过去进行时 was\were+being(固定不变)+P.P

6.现在完成时 have\has been+P.P

7.过去完成时 had been+P.P

语法结构

1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）

与..事实相反 If从句主句

过去 Had done Would* have done

现在 Were/did Would* do

将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do

"一干二听三让四看半帮助”要加to

例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]

If he **oked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]

If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]

备注

（1）上表中'*'，would都可转换为should、could、might。

（2)如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。

例句：

He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.

[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]

(3) if可转换为其他形式

例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]

（=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we…）

Your notes are almost illegible(难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]

(=>可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)

I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]

(=>可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he..)

2、wish结构

与..事实相反

过去 Had done

现在 Were/did

将来 Would

备注：可转换为其他形式。

例句：He talks as if(好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]

I wish I were a bird.

I wish he handn' done that.

I wish I would be rich in the future.

3、should结构

从句中用“should+动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。

例句：The teacher suggest he(should) read English aloud.

注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。

例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.

He insisted that he was honest.

4、would rather＋从句

在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。

例句：I would rather you did this instead of me.

5、主语从句中的虚拟语气

1）It be+形容词+ that．．．（should）．．．

用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,

strange, surprising．

一些名词也可以用于在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．．

2）It be+过去分词+ that．．．（should）．．．．

用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested，

ordered， proposed等。

3）It is time（about time， high time）that．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．

It is high time I went home now.= It is high time I should go home now.

6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同

位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省

略。

例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once.

What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?

第二句"be有人称、时、数变"即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。"情助"是指情态动词和助动词must，may，can，shall，will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。"疑问一助置主前"是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。

一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变

例：1、主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.

被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.

孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。

2、主动：People regard him as brilliant.

被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people.

人们认为他很有才华。

以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子，be有人称、时、数变，第三人称foreign friends是复数，时态一般过去时，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被动后的"be done"就变成单数第三人称is regarded的形式了。

被动：

This speech was delivered by comrade Wang.(was delivered即一般过去时的被动态)

这篇讲演是王的发言。

There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.

边境发生非常严重列车事故，两人死亡，十二人受伤。

A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow.直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。

A note was passed up to the speaker.有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。

John was elected president of the class instead of Harry.乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。

Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct.火山被描述为活的，沉睡着的，或者死的。

The soldier was killed, but the train was saved.这位战士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。

He was thought to be clever but dishonest.他被认为很聪明但不诚实。（别人认为他很聪明但不诚实）

The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874.美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的。

The information is urgently needed.急需这个资料。

完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。

(过去完成时had done也包括在内)。

例：1、主动：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school.

被动：English has been studied for 3 years by us off and on at the spare-time school.(have随新主语变为has)

我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了。

2、主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.

被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.

到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机。

3、主动：They have set up a power station in their home town.

被动：A power station has been set up in their home town.

他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。

4、主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats.

被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats.

他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。

5、主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.

被动: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.

人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。

6、主动：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity.

被动：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity.

核能已用来发电。 7、主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.

被动：He has never been beaten at tennis.就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。(No one涉及到全否定和部分否定问题，见否定一讲)

主动: Somebody had cleaned my shoes.

被动: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.

有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。

When I returned I found that they had towed(toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that id was because I had parked it under a"No Parking Sign".

被动：my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that... it had been parked under a"No Parking Sign".

当我回来时，发现我的车被弄走了。我问他们为什么这么干。他们告诉我说因为我把车于停在"禁止停车"的禁区。

主动：They had build three ships by last December.被动： By last December three ships had been built by them.到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。 Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created.合成材料造出之前，研究工作集中在改进天然建筑材料上。

He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined.

他并没有说那些钢管都检验过没有。

After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials.

塑料发明之后，工程师们在材料选择上有了更广阔的途径。

一般将来shall(will) do，被动变do为be done

即由shall do或will do变为shall done或will be done。

例：主动: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year.被动：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.

过年我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂。

(shall do中的shall要随新主语变为will, do为be done.)

主动：I shall send my second boy to school next September.

被动：My second boy will be sent to school next September.过年九月我将送我次子去读书。主动：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the"lead brick" with gold.被动：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the"lead brick" with gold by cheaps and swindlers."铅砖"外面被设法骗钱的商人和骗子们镀上一层金来做这样的"金砖"。

主动：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.

被动: You will be asked a lot of strange questions.他们将问你许多怪题。

被动句中的by引出的宾语，一般说来，如果是人称代词你、我、他等，均可省略，someone no one不由by来引出。如果是名词不能省略，但当今英语也都可省略了。

主动：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future.

被动：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.中国人民在将来将进行更多的空间探索。

同样

Will more gas be needed?需要更多的煤气吗?

但如果是一般过去将来时如何处理呢？请记下面口诀：

一般过去将来时，过去某时将发生。

主动should(would) do，被动be done代原形。

将来进行无被动，现在完成进行同。

主动：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.被动：...whether the new plan would be carriedout ahead of time.几天前，我们还不能肯定能否提前执行新的计划。

主动：I did not say that we would change the equipment.被动：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.我并没说过，我们将换掉那台设备。

将来进行无被动，shall(will) be doing,

现在完成进行同．have(has) been doing,

即将来进行时表示动作在将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行'现在完成进行时表示某-行为发生在过去．延续到现在，可能还要延续下去。两种时态则不用被动语态。

例；We hope your comany will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment.(将来进行时)我们希望贵公司早些派一名工程师来检查这台设备。

In a ffew minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere.(将来进行时)几分钟后我们的客机将在同温层中飞行。

现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done

即现在进行时或过去进行时都是be的人称、时和数的形式加doing。而被动态则是be加上being done的形式，being是不变的。现在进行时和过去进行时的被动态是被动态个的重点，容易搞错。情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。

带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。要随新的主语来变化，这些词如can, could；will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need需要；have to不得不；be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如：主动: We must keep this in mind.被动：This must be kept in mind.

我们必须把这个记在心里。

主动：We can put the refrigerator in that place.(refrigerator=freezer.)被动：The refrigerator can be put in that place.我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。

主动：We shall not use the washing machine again.

被动：The washing machine will not be used again.

我们不能再用那台洗衣机了。原来的谓语shall use被动态中随新主语变为will．

主动: We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.

被动: More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion.(shall变will)

我们将采取更多的措施来防止腐蚀。

再如：主动：We shall have to adopt a different attitude.被动：A different attitude will have to be adopted.我们将不得不采取另一种态度.

主动：You are to leave the bag here.被动: The bag is to be left here.(are to随新主语变为is to)你应把包裹放在这儿。

主动：They used to start these engines by hand.被动：These engines used to be started by hand.过去他们用手启动马达。

主动: We are going to paint the wall green.被动：The all is going to be painted green.我们打算把墙刷成绿色。主动：You needn't type this letter.被动：This letter need not be typed.(ought to, need是不变助动词)你不必把这封信打字。

主动：You should have taken those books back to the library.

被动：Those books should have been taken back to the library.

你本该把这些书带回图书馆去。主动：They may have left it in the sun.被动：It may have been left in the sun.他们可能已把它放在阳光下了。

may加不定式的完成体或完成进行体表示"可能"，主要用于肯定句，决不能用于疑问句。而can与不定式的完成体或完成进行体连用表示"可能"，只用于否定句和疑问句，不用于肯定句。但如果can或may的过去式即could与might与不定式完成体或完成进行体搭配时，可用于各种结构。肯，否，陈，疑均可。

It can't have been lost in the post, can it?

它不可能在邮局丢失的吧：(反意疑问句)

否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前

在否定句的被动态中，否定副词not-定加在第一助动词之后，不放在别的助动词之后。同样在疑问句的被动态中，第一助动词置于主语之前。

例：Why has(一助) not anything been(二助) done to end the strike?

not必须放在第一助动词has之后，第-助动词has必须放在主语anything之前。决不可写成: why has fot been anything done to end the strike?或why has been not anything done to end the strike?为什么不采取些措施来结束**呢? The exercises will not be done in class.不可写成：The exercise will be not done in class.我们将不在课堂上作练习。 Why had he been imprisoned?他为何入狱的?

主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前凡主语恰好是一个疑问词或由疑问词来修饰主语时，后面要用陈述语序。

What measures(主语) are being taken to develop this new science?(主语为疑问词what所修饰)

正在采取什么措施来发展这门新科学?

What kind of device(主语) is needed to make the control system simple?(主语为疑问词所修饰)需要什么装置来使控制系统简化? what has been done to improve the techniques?采取了什么措施来改进这些技术的?(what恰是句子的主语)应指出的是有的学生把We study diligently和She could see herself clearly in the mirror.都硬行变成被动了,殊不知不及物动词通常是没有被动态的。关于不及物动词．反身代词动词，同源宾语动词．系词．感官使役动词，短语动词的被动态。

主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：

1.把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语

2.把动词变为被动形式即be+过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。3.原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。 4.其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。不用被动语态的情况

被动语态

被动语态讲解

英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的,用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系,英语的动词有两种语态形式,即主动语态和被动语态.

如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态.如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词用被动语态.

一、被动语态的构成形式助动词be

被动语态的基本时态变化:九种时态的被动形式,

1、一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词 We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语.

2、一般过去时：was/were+过去分词 A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物.

3、一般将来时：will be+过去分词 The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理.

4、现在进行时：am/is/are+being+过去分词The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁.

5、过去进行时：was/were+being+过去分词The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告.

6、现在完成时：have/has been+过去分词The flowers have been watered.这些花已经被浇了.

7、过去完成时：had been+过去分词She said this lift had never been used.

8、过去将来时：would be+过去分词

The film would be shown again sometime next week.这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映.

9.将来完成时（少用）shall/will have been done The project will have been completed before July.

2.被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构.情态动词＋be＋过去分词.时态及句型的变化由情态动词完成,"be+过去分词"部分不变.The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2)双宾语通常变为主语的是间接宾语.直宾（事物）间宾（人）每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语,

His mother gave him a present for his birthday.

He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3)动词+宾语+宾语补足语,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动.

Someone caught the boy **oking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught **oking a cigarette.

4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to.

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5)相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词＋介词”,“动词＋副词”等,也可用被动结构

The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3.非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing形式及不定式 to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态).

I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、如何使用被动语态

学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态.

1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省 by短语).

My bike was stolen last night.

2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者.

I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3.为了更好地安排句子.

The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.一个主语就够了）

三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”.有：

It is said that…据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议.

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）

四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物.

This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响.

试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）

The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）

2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义.

How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?

3.某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, **ell, prove, wear等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义.Your reason sounds reasonable

3)某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义.

The conversation is hard to understand.对这话很难理解. The fish is not easy to fish.鱼不容易钓.

The passage is difficult to read.这段文章很难读懂.

五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义.

1．在need,want,require, bear, deserve, take, worth后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式. The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理.

2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式. The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）

3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.

I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系.)

试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者.)

4.在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义.这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等.

This problem is difficult to work out.（可看作to work out省略了for me）.

5．在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义.

This book is too expensive(for me) to buy.

6.在there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物.

There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost,谁 lost time不明确.）

7.在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动.然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.

Who is to blame for starting the fire?

六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义

表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词.

1.“under+名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”.under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）.

The building is under construction( is being constructed).

2．“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”.beyond belief(令人难以置信), beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及）,beyond one’s control（无法控制）,beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及.

The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．

3.“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”.

His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．

4．“for+名词”结构,表示“适于……、为着……”.for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等.

That house is for sale.(= That house is to be sold).

5．“in+名词”结构,表示“在……过程中或范围内”in print（在印刷中）in sight(在视野范围内),

The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)

6．“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事…中”.on sale(出售),on show（展出）, on trial（受审）.

Today some treasures are on show in the museum(= are being showed).

7．“out of+名词”结构；表示“超出……之外“,out of control(控制不了),out of sight（超出视线之外）,out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等.

The plane was out of control(can’t be controlled)．.

8．“within+名词”结构,“在……内、不超过……”.

He took two days off within the teacher's permission.

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